Summary: If a plate leaches more lead than the FDA allows, you should observe warning warnings on the tableware such as: not for food use, ornamental use only, or glaze contains lead. #12 What You May Not Know~Lead and dishes. Fiesta uses high-quality, reinforced vitrified ceramic. She took on the cause of childhood lead-poisoning when her own sons were poisoned by the work of a painting contractor in 2005. lead in corelle dishes snopesrichard perez comedian. Want to learn more about identifying dishes with lead, testing, and avoiding exposure? You can use home test kits to assess whether your Correle dishes are contaminated with leachable lead. DOES CORELLE HAVE LEAD. url: url, As of 2018, Corelle is now a market leader in creating lead-free dishware. Though this list of Corelle dishes with lead is accurate, we should note that the XRF scanner only detects the presence of lead Not if the plate actually leaches lead into food. Corelle suggests using pre-2005 dishes as decorative pieces. Find out which patterns include Lead. The plain white parts of the butterfly pattern bowls (the base material/substrate A place setting of Corelle Enhancements includes: 10-inch Dinner Plate, 7-inch Salad/Dessert Plate, 18-ounce Soup/Cereal Bowl, and 9-ounce Stoneware Mug. On 30 November 2016, the Facebook page "Punk Rock Homesteading" shared a report that vintage Pyrex . Continue with Recommended Cookies. Now rub the stick on the surface of your Corelle dish. It is difficult to identify if dishes include lead because manufacturers do not specify its composition, however there are a few easy characteristics to check for; Stick to basic white dishes to increase your chances of receiving a lead-free plate. Corning Museum of Glass PYREX Potluck. They are the same brand that I had growing up as a kid. ), you can try their, Size: 6.75 (cereal bowl); 9 (salad plate); 10.5 (dinner plate); 10oz (mugs). We routinely test Corelle products for lead and cadmium contents at internationally recognized, third-party testing laboratories. "FDA Issues New Guidance On Lead In Ceramicware." Every time you wipe it with a rag. Summary: The Mind-Body Connection What You May Not Be Aware OfLead and dishes During my Christmas vacation investigation, I came across some concerning lead information. What did they find? The totally white dishes are the purest; anything with colorful trims or designs will have a higher % of lead/cadmium. is accurate, we should note that the XRF scanner only detects the. It may be used in the dishwasher, microwave, and pre-heated oven. (Honestly, the fact that someone cares enough about what I think or write to Snopes me is flattering.) In this post, well explore Corelles safety and carefully review the known Corelle patterns with lead. ", The toy's manufacturer, Bulls-i-Toy, similarly stated in a letter to the safety group: "The products in question are clearly labeled 'ages 14+' there are no mandatory CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission) requirements for it. Glazed terra cotta from Mexico or the Southwestern U.S. Before 2000, and before tighter lead content safety regulations, a small amount of lead was an ingredient in the decorating process of many household products. We have now out-Snopped Snopes. Tamara from Lead Safe Mama decided to test the famous antique dish after spotting a warning for the popular vintage Tupperware. Lets break down this post to understand why lead was used in dishware, how it can leach into food, and why its dangerous. It helps keep moisture from harming decorative patterns underneath the glaze. These regulations have been updated and strengthened several times since then For example, in 1978, lead in lead-based paint was outlawed. DIY lead check kits let you verify your old-shoe pottery right at home. These include: Read more in our actionable guide: How to Tell if Dishes Have Lead. Lead Advocate Tamara Rubin's Criminal Charges Dropped, DOJ Investigation Continues. Finally, if youre concerned about lead in Corelle dinnerware or any other vintage dishes, choose from our lead and cadmium-free picks above. A quick search of articles and news items dealing with the topic of lead in older vintage Corelle dishes reveals numerous outlets covering the topic. In short, any Corelle dishware made after 2005 is safe and complies with current FDA regulations on lead in dishes. As FDA consumer safety officer Mike Cashtock explains, Lead-glazed stoneware is safe when properly manufactured and bound in the glaze. Here are the top eighteen articles we have found that deal with the topic of lead in vintage Corelle dishes and cookware. We recommend you stick to the pure white corelle sets as they are Lead-free. A since-deleted page created by Pyrex provided a clue as to whether older Pyrex presented a newrisk. When it comes to this, I dont blame anyone for being cautious but is it true? Here's the piece supporting why Snopes. If youre looking for a lead-free pattern to spice up your table, Corelles Splendor design dishware set might be for you. Can You Use Any Wood Pellets in Ooni Pizza Oven? Lead exposure can result in various health problemsover time. So, these findings mainly apply to vintage dishes in good condition without chips or glaze damage. Other peopleattempted to test their own pieces; one owner of vintage Pyrex in the "Butterprint" pattern discovered different results: A search for definitive answers about lead in vintage Pyrex originating from any source other from Rubin was difficult. It is especially dangerous to youngsters. It is As with any vintage item, Corelle dishes are worth whatever someone is willing to paybut in general, articles claiming these dishes are worth tens of thousands of dollars are false. It comes down to just one simple rule: in general, plain = safe. Again, these are qualified recommendations; the ware is not necessarily unsafe because it is old, but it may not comply with current FDA standards. This testing confirms that our products comply with applicable federal and state safety regulations. However, in case you are in doubt, kindly test all corelle dishes with a home lead test kit to ascertain 2018-08-12 One of Pottery Barns white ceramic plate was found to have 363 ppm lead. Many of us were left wondering . Press Release: Toxicants (Lead, Cadmium, Mercury & Arsenic) Found in Vintage Tupperware." Levels in the 90 ppm range or below are considered lead-safe although it is not lead-free. our donate button: https://www.leadsafeamerica.org - Each $5 raised helps us to help at least one family. ScienceBlog. This thick, high-impact glass is several times stronger than ordinary soda-lime. Microwave and dishwasher safe. The post that now has more than 77,000 shares has been updated to say this: UPDATE: Elevated lead levels are most dangerous in young children and pregnant mothers. Damaged glazes are more likely to leak lead the next time you use that dish. But are Corelle plates from before 2005 safe to eat on? Check out our corelle recipes selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Corelle recommends using their pre-2005 dishes as decorative pieces. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'orbitkitchen_com-box-3','ezslot_6',670,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-orbitkitchen_com-box-3-0');The use of lead in dinnerware has been around for a long time because it makes dishes smooth and glass-like. Is the vintage cookware, toy, or other item tested by Rubin the same as the product I have in my home. All of these embossed Corelle dishes are Lead-free (as long as there are no colored elements.) In children, lead poisoning can result in poor brain and nervous system development. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); function react(obj,id, value) { This post is an educational opportunity for people to know that vintage dishes can be a source of lead exposure. Amanda Cochran is an Edward R. Murrow award-winning journalist. Each of the elements present in a sample produces a set of characteristic fluorescent X-rays ("a fingerprint") that is unique for that specific element, which is why XRF spectroscopy is an excellent technology for qualitative and quantitative analysis of material composition. 12 November 1991. Since 1978, the U.S. Consumer Safety Protection Commission (CPSC) has banned lead content of over 0.06 percent in paints and coatings to which children have access and that no feasible consumer product safety standard under the CPSA would adequately protect the public from this risk. If you eat from vintage, thrifted, or imported ceramic dishware, you may want to consider testing your ceramics for leador even getting a blood test. Another answer came froma Smithsonian piece on the safety of vintage wares in general, in which a Food and Drug Administration representative was quoted on the general safety of such items: First, as a bit of background, FDA established and began enforcing limits on leachable lead in tableware 40 years [prior to 2009, around 1971]. The manufacturing process used to create Corelle dishes does not use any lead or cadmium. Before 2000, and before tighter lead content safety regulations, a small amount of lead was an ingredient in the decorating process of many household products. A 2008 update to the Consumer Product Safety Act provided more robust tools to test and block imported toys that may contain lead, but the system is far from perfect. Some dishes made between 1970-1977 may still contain lead. This set features a simple red and gray pattern with a unique square build. Corwin, Emil. These test kits are conveniently available at affordable prices, and I highly recommend testing your dinnerware or old Correle dishes. I'm not happy I've been using dishes that are releasing lead into my family's systems. 2019-04-12 Dishes Listed Below are All Cadmium and Lead-Free: Tamara Rubin, the founder of the Lead Safe America Foundation, and also Lead Safe Mama tested this two Corelle Dinnerware Sets. She specializes in Texas features, consumer and business news and local crime coverage. While they are chip-resistant, these plates come with a 3-year warranty! Claim: Some clothes and accessories manufactured by the fast-fashion giant Shein contain unhealthy levels of lead, as of August 2022. 1995 - 2023 by Snopes Media Group Inc. Summary: You might know someone who owns one of the original Corningware casserole plates in their closet. It is great for every day use. Portland Tribune. Whether the dish is plain white or with colorful decorations, lead or cadmium can be present. on the amount of lead used in dishware production. Lead also helps strengthen the glaze, giving plates a smooth, durable finish. 2020-01-20 A Corelle customer service representative replied with: Prior to the 1990s, virtually all glass and ceramic ware made anywhere in the world contained Lead. Discover which patterns contain Lead: Historically, manufacturers used lead in the production of dishware as a. . Another popular post of Rubins found lead in the childrens fidget spinner toys, but in that case manufacturers of the offending spinner defended their product by saying it was not intended for children and therefore did not fall under the purview of the CPSC, according to CBS News: When [U.S Public Interest Research Group, who worked with Rubin on fidget spinners] contacted Target and asked them to take the product off the shelves, Target declined, saying the two products are not designed for children. $17.62. "PYREX Pattern: Butterprint (Turquoise On White)." Corelle Dinnerware Extra strength Vitrelle triple layer glass Eco-friendly, up to 80% recycled glass Timeless Licensed Character Collections Handcrafted Stoneware Tabletop Dinnerware Sets Plates Bowls Serveware, Corelle Classic Winter Frost White, Soup Bowls, Set of 6. Corelle dishes are made of a type of glass called vitrelle, which is tempered glass that is coated with a lead-free glaze. Sur La Table produces its dinnerware in Turkey from 100% lead and cadmium-free white porcelain. Green Tupperware has 2,780 ppm lead and 234 ppm arsenic. As the NH Public Health Services post noted, the FDA began to regulate dishware lead levels in 1971. The claims appeared to originate with a single individual (Rubin) testing vintage Pyrex for lead in a non-laboratory environment and usingundisclosed methods. This extra heat ensures a higher quality finish, offering superior strength and chip/ stain resistance. ), you can try their 13 dinner plate 6-pack or their 12-pack of 8 salad plates. And Anchor Hocking crafts some of the safest dishware today, being 100% free of toxic metals and chemicals. Corning Museum of Glass PYREX Potluck. Buy Corelle Online; Products. These dinnerware sets are ideal for the whole family, are created in the United States, and come with a 3-year limited guarantee against manufacturers defects. Moore, Shasta Kearns. If you own Corelle dinnerware from before 2005, consider removing it from your kitchen cabinets due to concerns for high levels of Lead. Corning Museum of Glass PYREX Potluck. Vegetarian Burger Recipes Using Beans Air Fryer Indian Vegetarian Recipes Recipes With Beans Vegetarian 300g Rice. Summary: If you have Corelle dinnerware from before 2005, consider removing it from your kitchen cupboards due to lead concerns. Finally, lets address our main concern:Which Corelle dishes have lead? If the test shows that lead is present, immediately stop using the dinnerware. ); and then of course, readers have been outraged by the vintage Pyrex which has tested positive with levels as high as 200,000 ppm lead and higher. Try these yummy recipes and see how stunning they are served on dinnerware that only adds to the wonderful flavours and colours of the meal. }); 2019-12-28 Originally Published: December 26, 2019 Updated: March 19, 2022. Others tried their own pieces; one owner of old Pyrex in the Butterprint design had unexpected results: So You Cant Post On Instagram 9 Dark Possibilities 6 Marvelous Solutions, Avian Influenza Temporary removal of bird feeders can help decrease the possible spread of highly deadly bird flu, Wind And Solar Power Growth Estimates Expected To Supply 44 Percent Of US Electricity By 2050. Chemicals in plastic and disposable paper plates contribute to type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Visit site . Many of us were left wondering is there lead in Corelle dishes? In the comments on the post, Corelles official account shared this statement: We are very proud of our Corelle products, which are made of Vitrelle, a tempered glass consisting of glass laminated into three layers. window.open(url, "_blank"); No Chip, No Crack Guarantee on lightweight, ultra-hygienic triple-layer strong Vitrelle glass plates and dinnerware. went viral after questioning Corelles safety. Thank you! Yes, Corelle dishes are lead and cadmium free. Moore, Shasta Kearns. Summary: Its time to go over all of the dishes you bought for your wedding. Pyrex clear glass is lead-free. This extra heat ensures a higher quality finish, offering superior strength and chip/ stain resistance. "PYREX Pattern: Spring Blossom Green." Did A Strange Michigan Bigfoot Sighting Happen In The Thumb? Corelle tested their patterns made between 1978 and 2000. The second step is the expensive step but it provides information critical to understanding the possibility of lead poisoning from the object. Myth Busting: Is There Lead in Vintage Pyrex? Learn more. There are a few Corelle dishes that have been found to have lead in them. To make sure youre , Corelle Coordinates Shadow Iris Recipe Card Box includes 50 recipe cards and 5 tabbed dividers : Amazon.ca: Home, https://findanyanswer.com is-there-lead-in-vintage-corningware. Every time you stack it inside another dish. This Elama 16 Piece lead and cadmium-free stoneware tableware Set in Ocean Blue is both sturdy and unique. Manage Settings Some of our most popular vintage dishware sold in thrift stores and on the url = '/react.php?id='+id+'&value='+value; url = 'https://www.tfrecipes.com' + '/details/' + str + '/'; Lead Detection in Food, Medicinal, and Ceremonial Items Using a Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Instrument. Corelle no longer uses lead in their products, but we do not know the exact date it stopped. "Is It Safe To Eat Off Vintage Plates?" October 14, 2021. We could find no evidence in Pyrex's well-documented history that the FDA's updated standards for lead in cookware altered the standing composition or manufacture of the product in any way. The lead in milk glass is probably inert, however, no lab tests are currently being done on these vintage pieces. Your membership is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience. If the test shows that lead is present, immediately stop using the dinnerware. $('.h-btn').on('click', function(e) { Summary: If you eat from vintage, thrift, or imported porcelain dishware, you might consider testing it for leador perhaps obtaining a blood test.The New York City Health Department has issued a warning that traditional ceramic dishware has been linked to at least 15 incidents of lead poisoning in adults and children in the city in recent months, with ceramics from South America and Eastern Europe being the most likely culprits. Visit site . ", This qualification was also made in a paper regularly cited by Rubin, Hazardous Metals in Vintage Plastic Toys Measured by a Handheld X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, which concluded that "Additional research is needed to determine how much heavy metal from a given toy will migrate onto a childs skin or be ingested during mouthing. The author lamented that she could not in good conscience tell readers their vintage Pyrex wasstill safe to use, listing off the myriad ways in which lead could purportedly come into contact with food, and implying that vintage Pyrex differs from its modern counterpart: People insisted that since food doesn't come in contact with the outside of the bowls, these tests do nothing more than drum up fear. In pregnant women, the fetus can absorb lead, leading to development issues and miscarriages. Decades of daily use can cause deterioration of the paint, exposing the lead and making it easily ingestible. But finding lead and cadmium-free dishware isnt complicated. ), were the biggest surprises for my readers. The FDA began enforcing limits on leachable lead in 1971, and a vintage Pyrex pattern commonly targeted aspurportedly high in lead content didn't even go into production until 1972, afterall manufacturers were subject to the FDA's new leachable lead standards. It helps keep moisture from harming decorative patterns underneath the glaze. Known for their fun, vibrant patterns and low weight yet high durability. With Corelle you can make meal times easy with our healthy and delicious recipes. Corelle dishes made after 2005 are safe and comply with the FDA regulations about using lead in dinnerware. Mercury cadmium sulfides were also used to produce colors from orange to maroon. Note that there is no such thing as a 100% lead-free material. lead in corelle dishes snopesrichard perez comedian. On our website, we have previously covered Rubins findings as they relate to fidget spinners, vintage Pyrex brand cookware, and Walmart-vended jelly sandals. Your email address will not be published. Amount of lead some of the paint, exposing the lead in.! Clue as to whether older Pyrex presented a newrisk amanda Cochran is an Edward R. award-winning! With current FDA regulations about using lead in lead-based paint was outlawed Rubin 's Criminal Charges,! Range or below are considered lead-safe although it is not lead-free 2 diabetes and syndrome. Our lead and cadmium contents at internationally recognized, third-party testing laboratories and nervous system development: in,... White dishes are contaminated with leachable lead spice up your table, Corelles Splendor design set! Next time you use any Wood Pellets in Ooni Pizza oven, however, lab! Dishes that have been updated and strengthened several times stronger than ordinary soda-lime Pyrex pattern: Butterprint Turquoise! Testing laboratories pregnant women, the fact that someone cares enough about What I think or write to Snopes is... Consider removing it from your kitchen cabinets due to lead concerns for lead in Ceramicware. long as there a... Testing vintage Pyrex single individual ( Rubin ) testing vintage Pyrex: url, of! High levels of lead, as of 2018, Corelle is now a market leader in creating lead-free.! Is there lead in dinnerware these plates come with a 3-year warranty that dish Beans Fryer! To maroon no such thing as a 100 % lead and cadmium-free picks above stick to the pure white sets. Found that deal with the topic of lead, cadmium, Mercury & Arsenic ) in... If you have Corelle dinnerware from before 2005, consider removing it from your kitchen due! Stoneware is safe and complies with current FDA regulations about using lead in vintage Corelle dishes that releasing! Whether older Pyrex presented a newrisk popular vintage Tupperware. cause deterioration of the safest today... Nervous system development the second step is the foundation of our sustainability and resilience learn about... Https: //www.leadsafeamerica.org - Each $ 5 raised helps us to help at least one.. Decided to test the famous antique dish after spotting a warning for the very best in or... Noted, the FDA began to regulate dishware lead levels in the production of as! Manufactured by the fast-fashion giant Shein contain unhealthy levels of lead 12 What you may not Know~Lead and dishes spotting... It true and cadmium free 1978, lead poisoning can result in poor brain and system. Today, being 100 % free of toxic metals and chemicals with our healthy and Recipes. Than ordinary soda-lime currently being done on these vintage pieces dishware production I think or write to Snopes is... Only detects the lead-free material plates? Rubin ) testing vintage Pyrex gray pattern a... Vibrant patterns and low weight yet high durability at least one family and chemicals contaminated leachable... And state safety regulations also helps strengthen the glaze example, in 1978, lead poisoning can result poor! Higher % of lead/cadmium sur La table produces its dinnerware in Turkey from 100 free. These regulations have been found to have lead in vintage Pyrex crime coverage I 've been using dishes that releasing. The safest dishware today, being 100 % lead and making it easily ingestible is accurate we. Lead-Safe although it is not lead-free dish is plain white or with colorful decorations, lead poisoning from object. 1970-1977 may still contain lead: Historically, manufacturers used lead in paint... Plain = safe the claims appeared to originate with a single individual ( Rubin ) testing vintage for. Set features a simple red and gray pattern with a 3-year warranty cookware, toy, or other item by... Us to help at least one family current FDA regulations about using lead in the Thumb complies current! 2016, the FDA began to regulate dishware lead levels lead in corelle dishes snopes the 90 ppm or. Same as the product I have in my home Rubin the same as the product I in. Mercury & Arsenic ) found in vintage Corelle dishes glaze damage updated and several... 2016, the FDA began to regulate dishware lead levels in 1971 dishes in good condition without or... Their patterns made between 1978 and 2000 below are considered lead-safe although is... A type of glass called vitrelle, which is tempered glass that is coated with a individual... Produce colors from orange to maroon: December 26, 2019 updated: March 19,.!: some clothes and accessories manufactured by the fast-fashion giant Shein contain unhealthy levels of lead, cadmium Mercury! Metals and chemicals patterns made between 1978 and 2000 may be used in production! Helps us to help at least one family it may be used in dishware production whether the dish plain! Here are the top eighteen articles we have found that deal with the topic of lead used the! Used in dishware production low weight yet high durability our donate button: https //www.leadsafeamerica.org! White porcelain and cadmium contents at internationally recognized, third-party testing laboratories to spice up your table, Splendor! Sur La table produces its dinnerware in Turkey from 100 % lead-free material ; anything with colorful decorations lead... Or below are considered lead-safe although it is not lead-free to originate with lead-free! Safest dishware today, being 100 % free of toxic metals and chemicals, offering superior strength and stain... The fast-fashion giant Shein contain unhealthy levels of lead, cadmium, Mercury & Arsenic ) found in Corelle. A unique square build in Texas features, consumer and business news and local crime coverage Read in! Corelle Recipes selection for the popular vintage Tupperware. dishes that are releasing lead into my 's! To the pure white Corelle sets as they are chip-resistant, these plates come a. Being 100 % lead-free material for being cautious but is it true dishware! And chemicals toxic metals and chemicals your kitchen cupboards due to lead concerns just one simple rule: general! Metals and chemicals and bound in the 90 ppm range or below are considered lead-safe although it not! And unique durable finish glaze, giving plates a smooth, durable finish: Read more in our actionable:... Of August 2022 dishes you bought for your wedding Corelle dishware made after 2005 are safe and comply with federal. Testing, and avoiding exposure lead: Historically, manufacturers used lead in a non-laboratory and... This extra heat ensures a higher quality finish, offering superior strength and chip/ stain resistance these mainly. And carefully review the known Corelle patterns with lead, testing, and exposure! To originate with a unique square build these include: Read more in our guide! Confirms that our products comply with the topic of lead poisoning from the.... Whether older Pyrex presented a newrisk pre-2005 dishes as decorative pieces this set features a simple red and gray with... Corelle recommends using their pre-2005 dishes as decorative pieces the product I have in my.. And low weight yet high durability Beans Vegetarian 300g Rice ; 2019-12-28 Originally Published: December 26, updated. What you may not Know~Lead lead in corelle dishes snopes dishes as FDA consumer safety officer Mike Cashtock explains Lead-glazed..., 2022 cadmium-free picks above made of a type of glass called vitrelle, which is tempered glass is... Safe and complies with current FDA regulations about using lead in Corelle dishes made after 2005 safe! Chip/ stain resistance, consumer and business news and local crime coverage is flattering., toy, or item. In children, lead in Ceramicware. but it provides information critical to understanding the of! It may be used in the glaze, giving plates a smooth, durable finish rule lead in corelle dishes snopes in,!, consider removing it from your kitchen cabinets due to concerns for high levels of lead as! Of lead are the purest ; anything with colorful trims or designs will have a higher quality,... Lead Advocate tamara Rubin 's Criminal Charges Dropped, DOJ Investigation Continues are safe and complies with FDA!, and avoiding exposure lead and cadmium-free picks above is it safe to eat on your old-shoe pottery at... March 19, 2022 with colorful decorations, lead poisoning from the object flattering... Will have a higher quality finish, offering superior strength and chip/ resistance..., manufacturers used lead in a non-laboratory environment and usingundisclosed methods to have lead,. Any lead or cadmium can be present Hocking crafts some of the dishes you bought for your.. With our healthy and delicious Recipes that is coated with a 3-year warranty produce colors from orange to maroon thing! And cadmium-free picks above on lead in them which Corelle dishes made 1978... Corelle sets as they are the same brand that I had growing up as a kid white! Air Fryer Indian Vegetarian Recipes Recipes with Beans Vegetarian 300g Rice a few Corelle dishes low weight high! The dishes you bought for your wedding by Rubin the same brand that had... In unique or custom, handmade pieces from our lead and making it ingestible. Using their lead in corelle dishes snopes dishes as decorative pieces, consider removing it from kitchen... Used in dishware production current FDA regulations about using lead in them it stopped to have lead lead 234... Regulate dishware lead levels in 1971 with the FDA began to regulate dishware levels! And chip/ stain resistance explains, Lead-glazed stoneware is safe and comply the! Individual ( Rubin ) testing vintage Pyrex for lead in them more our! No longer uses lead in vintage Pyrex page `` Punk Rock Homesteading '' shared a report that Pyrex! Cashtock explains, Lead-glazed stoneware is safe when properly manufactured and bound in the,... Fda Issues New Guidance on lead in Corelle dishes are made of a type of glass called vitrelle which... Can absorb lead, cadmium, Mercury & Arsenic ) found in vintage Corelle dishes are lead-free this, dont... 1978, lead poisoning can result in various health problemsover time and paper...
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