the unified NOAH land surface model in the WRF model, 20th conference on The valleys can be roughly divided in two groups based on their topographic characteristics: the two westernmost valleys, Gaurishankar and Khumbu (Fig.3a, b), and the two easternmost valleys, Makalu and Kanchanjunga (Fig.3c, d). For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and . The Kanchanjunga Valley is an exception among the valleys, as the daytime up-valley winds reach the top of the valley even during days with large-scale north-westerlies. The RMSE in 5m wind speed ranges from 1.4 to 3.2ms1 during daytime and from 0.5 to 2.9ms1 during night-time (Table2). FB helped with accessing the observational data and with planning the analysis. Such a Great Article!! Headquarters in London, UK. The vertical structure of the along-valley wind component and the potential temperature above the valley centre lines are plotted in Figs.8 and 9 on 20December at 09:00 and 15:00LT respectively. In the four valleys, the ridge heights also increase along the valley, meaning that the valley floor inclination does not necessarily lead to a reduction in the volume of the valley atmosphere. The numbers in the legends refer to the along-valley grid points as plotted on the xaxes of Fig.3. For more details about pretty print JSON data check this. This product collects weather warnings from the major weather warning systems and presents them in a uniform and convenient data format. OpenWeather Dashboard is a visual tool for working with weather data and timely tracking of dangerous phenomena. The four locations in the valleys represent the valley entrance (orange), two locations in the middle of the valley (purple and red) and the valley top (blue). La Crosse Technology, 327-1417BW. The wind in St John's, NL (random windy city) right now is 7.7 m/s according to OWM's website. Impact of summer monsoon on the elevation-dependence of meteorological The up-valley winds also spread into the smaller valleys branching off from the main valleys, but they are weaker than the up-valley winds in the main valleys. In this,JSON returns data from cities laid within definite circle that is specified by center point (lat, lon) and expected number of cities (cnt) around this point. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195132717.001.0001, 2000.a, b, c, d, Whiteman, C.D. and Doran, J.C.: The Relationship between Overlying Where the valley floors start to incline strongly up towards the tops of the valleys is approximately where the warmed layer starts to become shallower. Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., deRosnay, P., All of the domains are run with 61 vertical levels. Q., Yao, L., Ahonen, L., Bonasoni, P., Buenrostro Mazon, S., Hutterli, M., The valley depth (the difference between the ridge and valley centre line heights) is lowest in the Gaurishankar Valley. Muoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, Ek, M., Meng, J., Wei, H., Yang, R., Lord, S., vanden Dool, H., Kumar, A., A local time of 12:00 is considered because the main focus of the study is the daytime local winds. A scientific yet simple approach to weather forecast OpenWeather App is an ad-free & free-to-use application that will help you plan your time around the weather in a concise and minimalistic manner. Figure11 shows the deviation of potential temperature at each along-valley grid point (yaxis) on three model levels from the 2d average of potential temperature during the2021December period. Not only temperature, humidity and wind speed, but also visibility and sensible temperature can be obtained. The horizontal grid spacing decreases to 9km (d02), 3km (d03) and finally to 1km in the innermost domain, which covers an area of 288300km. Thompson, G., Field, P.R., Rasmussen, R.M., and Hall, W.D.: Explicit Figure3 gives an overview of the topographic characteristics along each of the four valleys based on the diagnostics defined in Sect.2.3.1. Instead of open valley entrances, the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys have a 1km high barrier between the valleys and the plain. Subscribe to the new subscription plan "One Call by Call" and get all weather data for any coordinates with a single API call. As the valleys are under similar large-scale forcing, the differences are assumed to be due to differences in the valley topographies. You can use the lang parameter to get the output in your language. List of city ID 'city.list.json.gz' can be downloaded, For temperature in Fahrenheit use units=imperial, For temperature in Celsius use units=metric, Temperature in Kelvin is used by default, no need to use units parameter in API call. Here, the cross-valley wind is perpendicular to the along-valley wind, but it is calculated at the slopes 5 to 10 grid points away from the valley centre line. After 60 grid points (approximately 60km) into the valley, the valley floors start to incline towards the valley top. over a 100km horizontal distance along the valley. the valley width increases) from the along-valley grid point 40 (xaxis in Fig.3b), at the valley floor elevation of 3000m, towards the valley top (along-valley grid point 0). This is consistent with the stronger up-valley winds at this time in Kanchanjunga compared with the other valleys. Goldberg, M.: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, Bull. ", Accessing Data For Cities Within A Rectangle Zone, "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/box/city? Res.-Atmos., 120, 98829896. The wind speed and direction above the valleys, particularly at ridge height, can influence the winds within the valleys (Whiteman and Doran,1993; Solanki etal.,2019; Lai etal.,2021). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029427, 2018.a, b, c, Potter, E.R., Orr, A., Willis, I.C., Bannister, D., and Wagnon, P.: Learn how your comment data is processed. The large-scale north-westerly winds at upper levels channel into the valleys, especially in the northernmost and thus highest parts of the Gaurishankar and Makalu valleys, on 18December and are seen as strong down-valley near-surface winds during the day (Fig.5a) and during the night between 17 and 18December (Fig.S2a and c in the Supplement). Shifting the dominant driving mechanism from the valley volume effect to the buoyancy mechanism, instead of combining their forcing, would explain the shallower and weaker up-valley winds in the steeply inclined parts of the four Himalayan valleys. A comparative high-altitude meteorological analysis from three catchments in Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., deRosnay, P., The local narrowing of the valley topography accelerates the wind speed through this gap, assuming a constant along-valley mass flux on both sides of the narrowing part. Figure2(a) Topography of the d01 domain and the inner domains, d02, d03 and d04, in the WRF simulation. the Convection, Viscous Sublayer, and Turbulence Closure Schemes, Mon. The data is frequently updated based on the global and local weather models, satellites, radars and a vast network of weather stations. The subtropical jet is located around 25N during 1821December2014, which is south-east of the study area. However, the methodology and the results of this study are a very useful starting point for a more long-term analysis of the local wind patterns in this understudied region of the Himalayas. Gayno, G., Wegiel, J., and Cuenca, R.H.: Implementation and verification of simulations of boundary-layer processes and urban-induced alterations in an https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033928, 2021.a, Potter, E.R., Orr, A., Willis, I.C., Bannister, D., and Salerno, F.: The valleys that we concentrate on have ridge-to-ridge distances of more than 30km (discussed in Sect.3). OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. 2013.a, Schmidli, J., Bing, S., and Fuhrer, O.: Accuracy of Simulated Diurnal Valley The local valley circulation, as well as the vertical exchange of heat and momentum between the valley and the free troposphere, is inaccurately modelled in climate models that are typically run at a coarse resolution of up to 100200km (Rotach etal.,2014). See EXAMPLE.md for a demonstration of how I use this in my Daily Template. Potential temperature is plotted with a contour interval of 1K. The warmed layer in the valley atmospheres decreases in magnitude and depth towards the top of the valleys. The Khumbu Valley is an exception, as the valley becomes broader (i.e. Oceanographic Sciences Library, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, Vol. We can access weather data using openweathermap API. (2018) studied the effect of spin-up time on the output from high-resolution WRF simulations in the Langtang Catchment, which is located just outside our innermost WRF domain to the west. Res., 18, 2330, 2001.a, b, c, Ueno, K., Toyotsu, K., Bertolani, L., and Tartari, G.: Stepwise Onset of OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science since 2014. Day-to-day variation in the along-valley winds is low, the along-valley wind speeds vary less than 2ms1 in each part of the valley, and the onset and offset of the up-valley winds vary by less than 1h during 1821December. You can use this parameter to get the output in your language. From the list, search and select OpenWeatherMap. Ive been here when its like 45 degrees, he raged at the chair umpire. (2015). The Stack Overflow answers here and here that helped me understand how to convert wind direction to compass points. Table2WRF-modelled values compared to near-surface observations in the Khumbu Valley, showing the mean bias error (MBE), mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the 2m temperature and 5m wind speed separately for daytime (06:0018:00LT) and night-time (18:0006:00LT). dynamics in the Nepalese Himalaya, J. Geophys. to retrieve the five day weather forecast by the geographical coordinates you specify. 13, ISBN 90-277-2768-6, 1988., Tewari, M., F.Chen, W.W., Dudhia, J., LeMone, M.A., Mitchell, K., Ek, M., Access current weather data for any location on Earth including over 200,000 Therefore, in the Himalayan valleys, the steeply inclined valley floors do not necessarily lead to a reduced valley volume and enhanced topographic amplification factor along the valleys. Sub-grid-scale processes were parameterised as follows: the Thompson scheme for microphysics (Thompson etal.,2008), the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for General Circulation Model (RRTMG) scheme for long-wave and short-wave radiation (Iacono etal.,2008), the MellorYamadaJanji (Eta) turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) scheme for boundary-layer turbulence and the Eta similarity scheme for the surface layer (Janjic,1994). Red stars denote the location of Kathmandu (the furthest east star) and New Delhi. The wind speed is mostly less than 2ms1 in the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys, and the flow depth above the valley centre line is 5001000m. Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, So you can find the weather data by passing the longitude or latitude of a particular location. All authors discussed the final form of the manuscript. Since then, it has been tweaked to allow for factors beyond just the air temperature - such as humidity, wind speed and radiant heat which can cause courtside spaces to become much hotter than the air outside the tennis complex. 850614).Open-access funding was provided by the Helsinki University Library. Adding OpenWeatherMap to your Home Assistant instance can be done via the user The up-valley wind propagation into the valley could be significantly interrupted by the flow forced to flow over the 1km high barrier. The first aim of this article is to identify the characteristics (wind speed, depth of the flow and diurnal cycle) of the local valley wind system in four major valleys in the Hindu KushKarakoramHimalayan (HKKH) region during this 4d period in December 2014. 19992049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.a, Iacono, M.J., Delamere, J.S., Mlawer, E.J., Shephard, M.W., Clough, S.A., The cross-sections show the whole length of the valley centre lines (yellow lines in Fig.2b); thus, the far right-hand side of all the panels in Figs.8 and 9 are the wind component and potential temperature above the plain. During night-time, the winds are around 2ms1 and are directed up-valley in the top half of the valley (grid points 25 and 45 in Fig.6a), and they are less than 1ms1 up- or down-valley in the lower half of the valley (grid points 70 and 95 in Fig.6a). Figure3The height profiles (brown shading) of the valley centre lines (yellow lines in Fig.2b) and the ridgelines (red dashed lines) correspond to the values on the left yaxis. However, whereas the along-valley winds were analysed in the centre of the valley, the cross-valley winds are analysed separately on both the east and west slopes of the valleys. (Note: Standard is in Kelvin, not really useful in most cases), Define your weather strings here (Up to 4 strings are available). Sport; Tennis; Australian Open 2023 day 2: Novak Djokovic makes triumphant return on day of wild weather. Snow Monsoon Weather Observed in the Nepal Himalaya, Mon. The tops of the Gaurishankar and Makalu valleys are favourable for large-scale north-westerlies to channel into the valley atmosphere. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. Thuler-Clima Esse um site responsivo de previso do tempo que desenvolvi utilizando HTML, CSS e JS. Dommen, J.: Biogenic particles formed in the Himalaya as an important source Overall, the model manages to simulate the diurnal cycle of the winds that was evident in the observations. Temperature, humidity and wind speed can be obtained as well as snow volume and wind gust. Marinoni, A., Mirme, S., Molteni, U., Petaja, T., Riva, M., Rose, C., (2010). Positive values for the along-valley wind refer to up-valley winds. (2015) studied the influence of valley geometry (e.g. Winds at the valley entrances of these two valleys are weaker compared with the open valley entrances. Wind Speed %wind-speed% - Km/h for Metric, Mp/h for Imperial, Wind Direction %wind-dir% - Eg. Soc., 95, 10211028, These two group of valleys can be separated by their topographical characteristics: the valleys in the west have a continuous inclination in the valley floor, and there is a 1km high perpendicular mountain barrier between the valley entrance and the plain; the valleys in the east have a 40 (Makalu) and 60km (Kanchanjunga) portion with a flat valley floor from the open valley entrance into the valley. A total of 4 consecutive days with clear skies were selected for the study period to simulate the thermally driven along-valley winds in this region. (metres above sea level) from grid point 120 to grid point 30 with the slope varying between 0 and 6. List of city ID 'city.list.json.gz' can be downloaded here. Thus, the decay of up-valley winds at this location is delayed by 3h compared with the other valleys. Winds in the Swiss Alps: Influence of Grid Resolution, Topography Filtering, The north-westerlies penetrate into the valley atmosphere through the gaps and open southnorth-orientated structures surrounding the top of the valley. It starts in January, it starts here in Australia. As a result I get a value which seems to be in m/s. Black solid lines show the WRF simulation topography (ma.s.l.) Please note that built-in geocoder functionality has been deprecated. The perpendicular barrier at the valley entrance potentially interrupts the daytime plain-to-valley wind propagation, which is seen as weaker daytime up-valley winds at the valley entrance and potentially leads to weaker up-valley winds further up in the valley. As an overview, excluding the parts of the valleys without persistent diurnal cycles in wind speed and the narrow gap channelling, the daytime up-valley winds are 23ms1 stronger in the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys compared with the Gaurishankar and Khumbu valleys. G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., DeChiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., The modelled wind speed is adjusted to 5m, assuming a logarithmic wind profile for neutral stratification (Stull,1988). Am. Weather Singh, J., Singh, N., Ojha, N., Sharma, A., Pozzer, A., KiranKumar, N., At the lowest model level (approximately 25m above the surface; Fig.11a, b, c, d), the diurnal cycle has a larger amplitude over the plain (up to 8K) than in the valleys (46K), but the amplitude decreases rapidly with height over the plain. Similarly, the up-slope winds typically form just after sunrise, peaking before noon, whereas the up-valley winds develop later during the day and peak in the afternoon (Whiteman,2000). Accurate modelling of these thermally driven winds requires high horizontal resolution, down to at least a 1km grid spacing, due to their complex structure and sensitivity to the topography (Schmidli etal.,2018). Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079m), Atmos. Atmos. Soc., 91, 10151058, 48-hour weather forecast with Wind Speed and Direction, Humidity, Dew Point, Pressure, Cloudiness, Precipitation, Visibility, and UV Index. In the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys, these strong valley entrance jets (Fig.S4e and g in the Supplement) could potentially be explained by the local strong temperature difference (discussed in detail in Sect.4.2) between the valley and the plain, which would result in forcing of plain-to-valley winds. In Kanchanjunga Valley, the daytime up-valley winds have maximum respective values of 78, 6, 7 and 5ms1 at the four marked locations between 20 and 21December, listed from the valley entrance to the valley top (Fig.6d). Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization, Mon. Phys., 10, 75157531, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7515-2010, 2010.a, b, c, d, Bonekamp, P., Collier, E., and Immerzeel, W.: The Impact of Spatial Resolution, The up-valley winds basically stop on the northern side of the barrier close to the valley entrances of Gaurishankar and Khumbu. At each station, the diurnal cycle of the wind direction is modelled well, especially the daytime southerlies (Fig.S1a, c and e in the Supplement). This study focuses on along-valley winds during a carefully selected 4d period in December 2014 that is representative of the post-monsoon season. This app brings the OpenWeatherMap API to Homey. In all four valleys, the strongest up-valley winds occur at the entrances of the Makalu and Kanchanjunga valleys and 30km into the Gaurishankar Valley (around along-valley grid point 70). Overall, the daily cycle of the along-valley winds in Khumbu Valley are similar among existing studies, with well-defined daytime up-valley winds and weaker night-time winds flowing either in the up- or down-valley direction. on Planetary Boundary Layer Growth Over a Valley on the North Side of the City ID. ma.s.l. The RMSE in the 2m temperature ranges from 2.5 to 2.7K for daytime (06:0018:00LT) and from 2.2 to 3.5 for night-time (18:0006:00LT) (Table2). The ridgelines (not shown) were identified using a similar algorithm, with a small modification to the aforementioned technique. Gets weather history for the specific time from OpenWeather (corrected to zero minutes) with the specified latitude and longitude. Here i am accessing the weather data of Delhi city which is in India. Global coverage, Email notifications, Track the main weather parameters: temperature, wind speed, precipitation. Due to the heat export, the valley volume effect is considered to be the theoretical maximum of the heating of the valley atmosphere compared with adjacent plain. Meteorol. Local winds in four valleys located in the Nepal Himalayas are studied by means of All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under the. Water Resour. The local wind patterns in Khumbu Valley (one of the valleys that is investigated in this study) have been studied in the past by means of meteorological observations (Inoue,1976; Ueno and Kayastha,2001; Bollasina etal.,2002; Ueno etal.,2008; Bonasoni etal.,2010; Shea etal.,2015; Yang etal.,2018) and high-resolution meteorological modelling (Karki etal.,2017; Potter etal.,2018, 2021). (2015) studied. Ek, M., Meng, J., Wei, H., Yang, R., Lord, S., vanden Dool, H., Kumar, A., JM performed the data analysis and wrote most of the paper with input from VS. VS performed the WRF simulation and helped with planning the analysis. Climatol., 34, 11111131, We collect and process weather data from different sources such as global and local weather models, satellites, radars and a vast network of weather stations. Hi my name is Belal Khan.I am the creator of this blog. Now we will see how to access weather data in python using openweathermap API. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. The subtropical jet was located south-east of the inner domain (d04) location during the 1820December simulation period. resolution on WRF v3.8.1 simulated meteorology over the central Himalaya, In general, numerical weather prediction models require a spin-up period to allow the model to adjust from the specified initial conditions to a balanced state that is consistent with the models' own dynamics and physics. The buoyancy mechanism drives shallower and weaker winds, such as the typical cross-valley slope winds, compared with the valley wind mechanisms. Dynam., 8, 507528. Meteorol. Your Shopping Cart will be saved and you'll be given a link. Bonekamp, P., Collier, E., and Immerzeel, W.: The Impact of Spatial Resolution, That means accessing data for . variables in the south of central Himalaya, Int. The width estimate is the distance between the west and east wall from the grid points where the elevation is above 1000m compared with the valley centre line height. Northwest, Sunrise %sunrise% - 08:30:30 (24 hour format), Sunset %sunset% - 19:30:30 (24 hour format), (Date & Time) - The date & time of the most recent data information that OpenWeather API has available. The WRF raw output dataset is available upon request (contact author). Sci., 70, 40414066. Climatol., 32, 16691682. This product provides users with current, forecast and historical solar radiation data for any coordinates on the globe. and Land Surface Datasets, Atmosphere, 9, 196, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9050196, 2018.a, Serafin, S. and Zardi, D.: Daytime Heat Transfer Processes Related to Slope 2012 2022 OpenWeather All rights reserved, Minimum temperature at the moment. The National Weather Service for the formula to convert meters\second into Miles Per Hour. The 400hPa wind speed above the valleys was around 3040ms1 during the 1820December period (Fig.4a, b, c), but it was weaker (2030ms1) on 21December (Fig.4d). If you need to make a large number of API calls and you have published your code on GitHub or BitBucket, please contact us and we will provide you with extended conditions. However, in the four Himalayan valleys, the ridge height also increases along the valley, whereas the ridge height was constant along the valley in the idealised valleys that Wagner etal. In the WRF simulation performed by Bonekamp etal. Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, I am pretty sure, you will really enjoy this tutorial. and Collins, W.D.: Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Kain, J.S.: The Kain-Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update, J. Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H.-L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., ' | %desc% | Current Temp: %temp%C | Feels Like: %feels%C | ', '%desc% Current Temp: %temp%C Feels Like: %feels%C\n', '%name%: %dateMonth4% %dateDay2% - %timeH2%:%timeM% %ampm1%\nCurrent Temp: %temp%C Feels Like: %feels%C\nWind: %wind-speed% Km/h from the %wind-dir%^ with gusts up to %wind-gust% Km/h^\nSunrise: %sunrise% Sunset: %sunset%\n', '%icon% %dateMonth4% %dateDay2% %dateYear1% %timeH2%:%timeM% %ampm1% %desc%
 Recorded Temp: %temp% Felt like: %feels%
 Wind: %wind-speed% Km/h from the %wind-dir%^ with gusts up to %wind-gust% Km/h^
 Sunrise: %sunrise% Sunset: %sunset%', '%icon% %dateMonth4% %dateDay2% %dateYear1% %timeH2%:%timeM% %ampm1% %desc%
 Current Temp: %temp% Feels like: %feels%
 Wind: %wind-speed% Km/h from the %wind-dir%^ with gusts up to %wind-gust% Km/h^
 Sunrise: %sunrise% Sunset: %sunset%'. Analyze the response. You can access data by passing city name or city name and country code. The narrow gap flow in the Gaurishankar Valley (discussed in Sect.4.1), around the purple cross (grid point 70; Fig.S3a in the Supplement), is seen as a relatively small area of up-valley winds exceeding 10ms1 (see also Fig.S4a in the Supplement). ), Number of lines returned by this API call. Four major valleys are present in the innermost model domain, and the characteristics of the along-valley winds that develop in each of these valleys during this 4d period were analysed and compared to each other. Using only one API call, you can get Forecast (for 10 days with 3-hour step), Historical, and Current weather maps.
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